LaTeX

LATEX

Vicente González Ruiz

March 4, 2015

1 Introduction
1.1 What is TEX?
1.2 What is LATEX?
1.3 LATEXalternatives
1.4 Installation
1.5 A very basic test of TEX
1.6 An editor: Emacs + AUCTeX
1.7 Basic data ﬂow
1.8 Basic syntax
2 Structures
2.1 Minimal
2.2 Letter
2.3 Article
2.4 Report/Book
2.5 Slides
3 Encodings (Internationalization)
3.1 (Input) Source Encoding
3.2 (Output) Document Encoding
3.3 Hyphenation and Speciﬁc Language Rules
4 Commenting the Source Code
5 Tables
6 List of Items
6.1 The itemize environment
6.2 The enumerate environment
6.3 The description environment
7 Formating
7.1 Sizing
7.2 Moving Horizontally
7.3 The verbatim Environment
8 Fonts
8.1 Series
8.2 Shape
8.3 Changing the Font for the Entire Document
8.4 Changing the Font for a Part of the Document
9 Mathematics
10 Creating Macros
10.1 (Re)Deﬁning a new command
10.2 (Re)Deﬁning a new environment
11 Drawing
11.1 The picture environment
11.2 Inserting (vectorial) drawings
12 Arithmetic
13 Producing HTML5 Documents

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 What is TEX?

A computer program for typesetting documents created by Donald Knuth.
The TEX interpreter inputs a markup language.

1.2 What is LATEX?

LATEX is a collection of macros written in TEX by Leslie B. Lamport that usually minimize the number of commands to write a new document.

1.3 LATEXalternatives

XeTeX/XeLaTeX: a TEX/LATEXbranch speciﬁcally designed to support non-English languages.
LuaTeX/LuaLaTeX: adds Lua support to the TEX/LATEXengines, with the objective of incrementing the posibilities of the typesetting system. For example, in LuaTeX we can write:
$\pi = \directlua{tex.print(math.pi)}$
<--------------->
LUA code

to get the value of $π$ .

1.4 Installation

On BSD and GNU/Linux, install Tex Live:
# Debian and derivatives:
sudo apt-get install texlive

# Arch Linux:
sudo pacman -S textlive-most
On Mac OS X, install:
1. MacTex: Download and install the package.
2. Tex Live using MacPorts or Fink:
  # MacPorts:
  sudo port install texlive
  
  # Fink:
  fink install texlive
In Microsoft Windows, install:
1. MiKTeX: Download and install the package.
2. Tex Live: Download and install the package.

1.5 A very basic test of TEX

  # Run:
  tex ’\empty Hello World!\bye’
  # To get a file: "texput.dvi" that can be displayed with "xdvi".

1.6 An editor: Emacs + AUCTeX

Provides auto-completion, spell-checking, a complete set of keyboard shortcuts, table of contents view, document preview and many other features.

# Debians:
sudo apt-get install auctex

# Arch:
sudo pacman -S auctex

1.7 Basic data ﬂow

  .tex + .eps
       |
+------+
|      v
|  +-------+
|  | latex |
|  +-------+
|      |.aux
| +----+
| |    | |.bib
| |    v v
| | +--------+
| | | bibtex |
| | +--------+
| +---+ |
+---+ | |.bbl
    | | +---------+
    | +-|-------+ |
    +-|-|-----+ | |
    | | |     | | |
    v v v     v v v
+---------+ +-------+
| htlatex | | latex |
+---------+ +-------+
      |.html     |.dvi
      v    +-----+-----+
           |           |
           v           v
       +--------+  +-------+
       | dvipdf |  | dvips |
       +--------+  +-------+
           |.pdf       |.ps
           v           v

1.8 Basic syntax

% Commands:
\command[optional argument]{argument}

% Environments:
\begin{environment}
argument
\end{environment}

Chapter 2
Structures

2.1 Minimal

% Simple minimal template

\documentclass{minimal}
\listfiles % For debugging purposes
\begin{document}
Hello World!
\end{document}

2.2 Letter

% Simple letter template

% <- Class ->
\documentclass[12pt]{letter}
% <- Options ->

\listfiles % For debugging purposes

\signature{Vicente Gonz\’alez Ruiz}
\address{University of Almer\’ia}

\begin{document}

\begin{letter}{Peter Pan\\Neverland} % Addressee

\opening{Dear Peter:}

To keep flying all night long is a good idea ... bla, bla, bla.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Looking forward to hearing from you.

\closing{Yours Faithfully,}

\ps

% PostScript
P.S. Please, remember that ...

% Enclosure
\encl{A map of Neverland.\\
The list of known pirates in Neverland.\\
\vdots}

\end{letter}
\end{document}

2.3 Article

% Simple article template.

%              <----- Options ---->  <Class>
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% BEGIN PREAMBLE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%           <-Options->  <Package>
\usepackage[ margin=2cm]{ geometry} % Comment it if you want to use the default margins!
\usepackage{graphicx} % Provides \includegraphics
\usepackage{color}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END PREAMBLE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\listfiles % For debugging purposes

\begin{document}
\title{An Article Template Written in {\color{red}\LaTeX}}
\author{Vicente Gonz\’alez Ruiz}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
A synthesis of the paper.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
Motivation, background, questions, etc.

\section{Related work}
Similar papers: In~\cite{greenwade93} bla, bla, bla.

\section{Proposal}
Your work: Figure~\ref{fig:sin} shows ... and bla, bla, bla.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{sin}
  \end{center}
  \caption{This is a pure sin function.\label{fig:sin}}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}
An evaluation of your proposal: Bla, bla, bla.

\section{Conclusions}
Answers to the Introduction’s questions: Bla, bla, bla.

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{example}

\end{document}

# sin.gpt (run "gnuplot sin.gpt" to built "sin.pdf")
set terminal pdfcairo
set output "sin.pdf"
plot sin(x)

2.4 Report/Book

% Simple report template

\documentclass{report}

\listfiles % For debugging purposes

\begin{document}

\title{This is a large document}
\author{Vicente Gonz\’alez Ruiz}
\date{\today}

\maketitle

\part{A Part}
\chapter{A Chapter}
\section{A Section}
\subsection{A Subsection}
\subsubsection{A Subsubsection}
\paragraph{A Paragraph}
\subparagraph{A Subparagraph}

\end{document}

2.5 Slides

% Simple slides template

\documentclass[landscape,12pt]{slides}
\usepackage[landscape]{geometry}
%\usepackage{amsfonts}
%\usepackage{bm}

\begin{document}

\begin{slide}
  \begin{center}
    \Huge
    Using the \texttt{slides} Document Class of the Standard {\LaTeX} System
  \end{center}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
  (\ref{eq:emc}) is one of the most famous equations ever found!
  \begin{equation}
    E=mc^2
    \label{eq:emc}
  \end{equation}
\end{slide}

\end{document}

Chapter 3
Encodings (Internationalization)

3.1 (Input) Source Encoding

Allows to inputs characters other than A-Za-z0-9 and English punctuation marks (for example, the character ‘á’). Notice that your source document must use an appropiate encoding system (such as UTF-8).

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % Enought for most latin languages.

3.2 (Output) Document Encoding

The default LaTeX font encoding is OT1, the encoding of the original Computer Modern TeX text fonts. It contains only 128 glyphs. For example, using OT1, letters with accents such as the ‘á’ are generated by two glyphs: the letter itself and the character ‘ ́’, which produce that it is imposible to ﬁnd the ‘á’ in our compiled document because this character, in fact, does not exist!
T1 encoding allows up to 256 glyphs and it is essential for compiling non-English documents.

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Necessary, for example, for creating Spanish documents.

3.3 Hyphenation and Speciﬁc Language Rules

% We specify on Spanish in this example!
\usepackage[spanish]{babel} % Extra info at: "http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel".

Chapter 4
Commenting the Source Code

\documentclass{minimal}

\usepackage{comment}

\begin{document}
% There is nothing in this line, except a comment.

Hello % Hola
World % Mundo

% Use "\usepackage{comment}".
% More info at: "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/comment".
\begin{comment}
This text if not compiled.
\end{comment}

\end{document}

Chapter 5
Tables

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\mytable}{\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}r}
  Team              & P & W & D & L & F  & A & Pts \\
  \hline
  Manchester United & 6 & 4 & 0 & 2 & 10 & 5 & 12  \\
  Celtic            & 6 & 3 & 0 & 3 &  8 & 9 &  9  \\
  Benfica           & 6 & 2 & 1 & 3 &  7 & 8 &  7  \\
  FC Copenhagen     & 6 & 2 & 1 & 3 &  5 & 8 &  7  \\
\end{tabular}}

\mytable

\begin{table}
  \begin{center}
    \mytable
  \end{center}
  \caption{This is a table inside of the article’s ‘‘table’’ environment.\label{tab:table_x}}
\end{table}

Be careful! The format of the table can change with the document class!

Please, see Table~\ref{tab:table_x}.

\end{document}

Chapter 6
List of Items

6.1 The itemize environment

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{itemize}
\item [One:] item 1.
\item Two.
\item Three.
\end{itemize}

\end{document}

6.2 The enumerate environment

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{enumerate}
\item [One:] item 1.
\item Two.
\item Three.
\end{enumerate}

\end{document}

6.3 The description environment

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{description}
\item [One:] item 1.
\item Two.
\item Three.
\end{description}

\end{document}

Chapter 7
Formating

7.1 Sizing

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

{\noindent\tiny We \scriptsize start \footnotesize \small small,
\normalsize get \large big \Large and \LARGE bigger, \huge huge and
\Huge gigantic!}

\end{document}

\documentclass[10pt]{article}
% Usually 10, 11 and 12 pt fonts are available, 10pt is the default.

\begin{document}

Hello world!

\end{document}

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
% Usually 10, 11 and 12 pt fonts are available, 10pt is the default.

\begin{document}

Hello world!

\end{document}

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{anyfontsize}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\myfontsize}{10}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont
% <- size -> <-line space->
Hello world!

\renewcommand{\myfontsize}{20}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont

Hello world!

\renewcommand{\myfontsize}{30}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont

Hello world!

\renewcommand{\myfontsize}{40}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont

Hello world!

\renewcommand{\myfontsize}{50}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont

Hello world!

\renewcommand{\myfontsize}{60}
\fontsize{\myfontsize}{1.2\myfontsize}\selectfont

Hello world!

\end{document}

7.2 Moving Horizontally

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
Centered text.
\end{center}

\begin{flushright}
Flushed text.
\end{flushright}

\end{document}

7.3 The verbatim Environment

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{verbatim}
Testing the verbatim environment!!

!’’$%&/()=?-_<>
\end{verbatim}

\end{document}

Chapter 8
Fonts

The font deﬁnes the aspect of the glyphs.

The most common fonts in LATEX are:

Font	Name

pag	Avant Garde
fvs	Bitstream Vera Sans
pbk	Bookman
bch	Charter
ccr	Computer Concrete
cmr	Computer Modern
pcr	Courier
mdugm	Garamond
phv	Helvetica
ﬁ4	Inconsolata
lmr	Latin Modern
LinuxBiolinumT-OsF	Linux Biolinum (formerly ’fxb’ in older package versions)
LinuxLibertineT-OsF	Linux Libertine (formerly ’fxl’ in older package versions)
pnc	New Century Schoolbook
ppl	Palatino
ptm	Times
uncl	Uncial
put	Utopia
pzc	Zapf Chancery

The default font for LaTeX is Computer Modern.
In LATEX, each font has three families (also named styles) which are: (1) roman (\textnormal{...} or \textnormal{...}), (2) serif (\textsf{...}) and (3) monospace or teletype (\texttt{...}).

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\textnormal{textnormal}, \textsf{textsf}, \texttt{texttt}.

\end{document}

8.1 Series

Controls the thickness of the font.

\documentclass{report}

\begin{document}

\Huge
{\par\fontseries{l}\selectfont AaBbCc using the light series.}
{\par\fontseries{m}\selectfont AaBbCc using the medium series.}
{\par\fontseries{b}\selectfont AaBbCc using the bold series.}
{\par\fontseries{bx}\selectfont AaBbCc using the very bold series.}

Notice, however, that some series can not be available depending on
the font :-( Revise the \LaTeX console output).

\end{document}

8.2 Shape

Controls shape of the font.

\documentclass[12pt]{report}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
  \Huge
  \begin{tabular}{r|l}
    Example & Shape \\
    \hline
    \hline
    \textrm{AaBbCc} & Roman (default) \\
    \textup{AaBbCc} & \textup{Upright} \\
    \textsf{AaBbCc} & \textsf{Sans serif } \\
    \texttt{AaBbCc} & \texttt{Teletype} \\
    \textit{AaBbCc} & \textit{Italic} \\
    \textsl{AaBbCc} & \textsl{Slanted} \\
    \hline
    \textsc{AaBbCc} & \textsc{Small Capitals} \\
    \uppercase{AaBbCc} & \uppercase{Uppercase} \\
    \lowercase{AaBbCc} & \lowercase{Lowercase} \\
    \hline
    \textbf{AaBbCc} & \textbf{Bold} \\
    \textmd{AaBbCc} & \textmd{Medium bold} \\
    \hline
    \textnormal{AaBbCc} & \textnormal{Roman by default} \\
    \emph{AaBbCc}       & \emph{Emphasized (Italic)}
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

Notice, that some shapes can be unavailable depending on the font
:-( Revise the LaTeX console output).

\end{document}

8.3 Changing the Font for the Entire Document

8.4 Changing the Font for a Part of the Document

\documentclass[12pt]{report}

\usepackage{blindtext}      % http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/blindtext

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Selects the "Computer Modern Bright" font for the entire document.
\usepackage{cmbright}       % http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/cmbright/
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{document}

\large

{\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont Font in Computer Modern Bright:}
\texttt{<- Computer Modern Roman}
\par\blindtext \texttt{<- Computer Modern Bright}

{\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont Font in the Computer Modern Times:}
\texttt{<- Computer Modern Roman, again}
{\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont\par\blindtext} \texttt{<- Computer Modern
  Times}

\end{document}

Chapter 9
Mathematics

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

The equivalence of energy $E$ and mass $m$ is reliant on the speed of
light $c$ and is described by
\begin{equation}
  E=mc^2.
  \label{eq:emc}
\end{equation}
Equation~\ref{eq:emc} was found by Albert Einstin in 1905.

Also equations without equation numbers such as:
\begin{equation*}
  \sin(x)^2 + \cos(x)^2 = 1
\end{equation*}
are also possible.

In-line math $y=\sqrt{x}$ is also possible.

\end{document}

Chapter 10
Creating Macros

10.1 (Re)Deﬁning a new command

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{url}     % http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/url
\usepackage{xparse}  % http://www.ctan.org/pkg/xparse

\begin{document}

1. \url{http://www.tug.org}\par
2. \url{www.tug.org}

%                        Command definition
%                           <----------->
\newcommand{\site}[2][http]{\url{#1://#2}}
%             ^    ^   ^         ^    ^
%             |    |   |         |    Second argument.
%             |    |   |         First argument.
%             |    |   Default value for the fist argument.
%             |    Number of arguments.
%             Command name.

3. \site{www.tug.org}\par % Only the second argument has been provided
4. \site[ftp]{ctan.org}   % Both arguments have been provided

\renewcommand{\site}[2][http]{[\url{#1://#2}]} % Includes "[" ... "]"

5. \site{www.tug.org}\par
6. \site[ftp]{ctan.org}

% Using \newcommand (or \renewcommand) only the first argument can be optional.
% To overcome this drawback, use:
\DeclareDocumentCommand{\site}{O{http://}O{www.ual.es}}{\{\url{#1#2}\}}

7. \site[][www.tug.org]\par     % We specify the second argument
8. \site[ftp://][ctan.org]\par  % We specify both arguments
9. \site                        % We don’t specify arguments

% Definitions are easier than if you don’t touch the arguments.
\renewcommand{\site}{\url}
10. \site{http://www.ual.es}

% Delete definition.
\let\site\relax

\end{document}

10.2 (Re)Deﬁning a new environment

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{forloop}

\begin{document}

\newcounter{problem_counter}
\setcounter{problem_counter}{0}
\newcounter{i}
\newenvironment{problem}
{ % Start commands:
  \refstepcounter{problem_counter}
  \noindent\textbf{Begin of problem number \arabic{problem_counter}.}
  \begin{quote}
}
{ % End commands:
  \end{quote}
  \textbf{End of problem number \arabic{problem_counter}.}
}

\begin{problem}
Solve \forloop{i}{1}{\value{i} < 200}{ bla,}

\end{problem}

Text in between ...

\begin{problem}
Now solve \forloop{i}{1}{\value{i} < 200}{ bla,}
\end{problem}

\end{document}

Chapter 11
Drawing

11.1 The picture environment

\documentclass{minimal}

\begin{document}

\begin{picture}(50,50)
  \thicklines
  \qbezier(0,0)(0,50)(50,50)
  \qbezier[20](0,0)(50,0)(50,50)
  \thinlines
  \put(0,0){\line(1,1){50}}
\end{picture}

\end{document}

11.2 Inserting (vectorial) drawings

For using pdflatex (with latex is also possible but you must create .eps ﬁles instead of .pdf ﬁles for the ﬁgures).
Steps:
1. Create a .fig ﬁgure using Xﬁg.
2. Convert it to a .pdf ﬁle with:
  
  fig2dev -L pdftex figure.fig > figure_.pdf
  fig2dev -L pdftex_t -p figure_.pdf figure.fig > figure_.tex
  pdflatex -jobname figure << EOF
  \documentclass{minimal}
  \usepackage{graphicx}
  \usepackage{color}
  \begin{document}
  \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\input{figure_}}
  \end{document}
  EOF
  pdfcrop figure.pdf /tmp/figure.pdf
  mv /tmp/figure.pdf .
3. Include in the document the ﬁgure with:
  \includegraphics[width=200pt]{figure}

Chapter 12
Arithmetic

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[nomessages]{fp} % More info at "http://ctan.org/pkg/fp"

\begin{document}

\FPeval{\result}{clip(1+1)} $1+1=\result$

\end{document}

Chapter 13
Producing HTML5 Documents

Write your document in LATEX using any standard document class package (for example, article works great).
Create your raster images in PNG or JPEG format and your vectorial ﬁgures in SVG. In order to have both the .pdf and the .html version of your document, include them in the text with:

\ifx \HCode\Undfef
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{your-figure} % PDF
\end{center}
\else
\HCode{
  <div style="text-align:center;">
  <img height="600" src="your-figure.extension" />   % SVG
  </div>
}
\fi

where your-figure is the ﬁlename of your ﬁgure without the extension, and extension is .png, .jpg or .svg, accordingly. All these ﬁgures must be in the same directory that the LATEX source.
Create the .pdf version of your document by running:

pdflatex your-document
bibtex your-document # If neccesary
pdflatex your-document # If neccesary
Create the .html version of your document by running:

htlatex your-document.tex

An example is available at https://github.com/vicente-gonzalez-ruiz/LaTeX-to-HTML5-example.